Fig. 2

Procyanidins suppressed morphine-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the spinal cord. a Procyanidins inhibited the morphine-induced upregulation of IL-1β in the spinal cord. b Procyanidins suppressed the morphine-induced activation of caspase-1 in the spinal cord. c Procyanidins inhibited the morphine-induced upregulation of NLRP3 in the spinal cord. d Procyanidins inhibited the morphine-induced upregulation of TNF-α in the spinal cord. The western blot samples (n = 4) were collected as described in methods. e Procyanidins inhibited the morphine-induced upregulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spinal cord (n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. baseline; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 vs. morphine-treated group