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Table 1 Anti-inflammatory effect of DHA or derivatives on glial cells

From: Role of docosahexaenoic acid in the modulation of glial cells in Alzheimer’s disease

DHA or derivative

Cell type

Effect

Model

Reference

DHA

Astrocytes

−TNF-α and IL-6

In vitro primary cell culture from rat brain

[8386]

+Antioxidant enzymes

−Calcium dyshomeostasis

+Glutamate uptake

−ERK

−MAPK

RvD1

Astrocytes

−TNF-α and ERK

In vivo and in vitro primary cell culture from rat and human cell line

[89]

DHA

Glia

−TNF-α

In vitro primary cell culture from rat brain

[79]

−IL-1β

−IL-6

−MCP-1 and CCR2

DHA

Microglia

+Phagocytic activity

In vitro primary cell culture from rat and mice brain and cell lines

[6771, 77]

−p38 MAPK

−TNF-α

−IL-1β

−IL-6

CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10

−NO

+Glutathione

−NOS

−COX2

−TLR4 and CD14

−NFκB

DiHDoHE

Microglia

−Ameboid morphology

Choroidal neovascularization in rats

[88]

DHA

Macrophages/Microglia

−Infiltration

Neurologic pain in rats

[66, 79]

−CD45high/CD11bhigh

−Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Cerebral ischemia in rats

+Anti-oxidative pathway

DHA

Müller glia

−Ameboid morphology

Retina of CLN6NCLF mice

[75]

  1. + increase or activation, decrease or inhibition, CCL2 C-C motif ligand 2, CCL3 C-C motif ligand 3, CCR2 CCL2 receptor, CD14 receptor cluster of differentiation 14, COX2 cyclooxygenase 2, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, DiHDoHE 10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid, ERK extracellular-regulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, IL-1β interleukin 1β, IL-6 interleukin 6, MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NO nitric oxide, p38 MAPK p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, RvD1 resolvin D1, TLR4 toll-like receptor type 4, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, CD45 high /CD11b high activated macrophage/microglia [79], CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C, CD11b integrin subunit alpha M (ITGAM), CLN6 NCLF mouse a mouse with natural occurring neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLF) and alterations in the ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 6 (CLN6) gene