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Fig. 5 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 5

From: Complex molecular and functional outcomes of single versus sequential cytokine stimulation of rat microglia

Fig. 5

Sequential cytokine addition affects expression of phagocytosis-related molecules. a M2a→M1 paradigm. Microglia were treated with 20 ng/mL IL-4 for 2 h followed by 20 ng/mL IFN-γ + 50 ng/mL TNF-α (I + T) for 22 h. b M1→M2 paradigm. Microglia were treated with I + T for 2 h followed by either IL-4 (M1→M2a) or 20 ng/mL IL-10 (M1→M2c) for 22 h. Data are expressed as mRNA counts in 200 ng total RNA (mean ± SEM, n = 6 individual cultures) and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. The dashed lines indicate expression levels in unstimulated (control) microglia. The comparisons are as follows: asterisk differences from control microglia, number sign effects of the second stimulus on the first stimulus. One symbol p < 0.05, two symbols p < 0.01, three symbols p < 0.001

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