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Fig. 7 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 7

From: Neonatal inflammatory pain and systemic inflammatory responses as possible environmental factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder of juvenile rats

Fig. 7

Neonatal inflammatory pain caused increased pain sensation, self-repetitive behaviors, and sleep disorder in juvenile rats. Hot-plate and repetitive behavior tests were performed to examine pain sensation and ASD-related activities in P21 juvenile rats. a In the hot-plate test, rats were placed individually on a hot plate of 55 °C. The latency time to jump was measured. Rats in the formalin group were more sensitive to the hot stimulation, showing a reduced latency to jump compared to controls. **P < 0.01 vs. control; n = 9–11 per group. b–f Six-hour monitoring of the HomeCage system for other repetitive behaviors and sleep pattern. HomeCage monitoring system monitored behavioral patterns of control and formalin-injected rats in a natural environment without human intervention. Rats in the formalin group showed significantly increases in repetitive grooming (b), spontaneous jumping (c), and muscle twitching (d) behaviors at P21. These animals showed increased frequencies of getting awake and trying to sleep compared to control rats during the same monitoring time (e, f). *P < 0.05 vs. control, **P < 0.01 vs. control; n = 16 per group

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