Table 2 Overview of levels of inflammatory-related and neurotrophic markers as well as inter-group comparisons for the cohorts IPD, PDLRRK2, and CON stratified by gender
From: Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD
|  | Female N = 211 | Male N = 208 | Female | Male | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum marker | IPD N = 49 | PDLRRK2 N = 73 | CON N = 89 | IPD N = 95 | PDLRRK2 N = 69 | CON N = 44 | p value IPD PDLRRK2 CON | p value Post hoc IPD CON | p value Post hoc PDLRRK2 CON | p value Post hoc IPD PDLRRK2 | p value IPD PDLRRK2 CON | p value Post hoc IPD CON | p value Post hoc PDLRRK2 CON | p value Post hoc IPD PDLRRK2 |
Alpha fetoprotein ng/ml | 0.97 0.09–6.20 | 0.81 0.12–4.07 | 0.76 0.07–6.94 | 1.17 0.14–7.17 | 0.93 0.12–14.10 | 0.95 0.33–3.52 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.034 | 0.070 | 0.849 | 0.032 |
BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) ng/ml | 27.40 15.50–40.60 | 18.90 3.85–55.40 | 19.70 2.92–41.70 | 25.50 10.60–56.30 | 15.60 1.52–37.20 | 17.05 2.88–45.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.053 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.311 | <0.001 |
ENA-78 (Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78) ng/ml | 2.08 0.82–6.15 | 1.91 0.56–8.36 | 2.03 0.48–7.70 | 1.62 0.48–4.61 | 1.43 0.36–5.08 | 1.54 0.19–4.77 | 0.403 | 0.710 | 0.499 | 0.307 | 0.465 | 0.439 | 0.016 | 0.766 |
FABP (Fatty-acid-binding protein) ng/ml | 4.97 2.24–81.10 | 3.71 0.40–26.70 | 2.87 0.97–12.00 | 5.91 1.45–22.20 | 4.44 1.37–18.90 | 4.04 1.44–11.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
GH (Growth hormone) ng/ml | 1.39 0.11–14.40 | 2.47 0.08–26.50 | 1.61 0.11–29.60 | 0.79 0.04–14.90 | 0.87 0.08–30.80 | 0.36 0.07–24.50 | 0.145 | 0.326 | 0.415 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.083 | 0.005 | 0.030 |
ICAM-1 (Intercellular adhesion molecule 1) ng/ml | 152.62 65.70–224.00 | 161.00 73.50–262.00 | 160.00 80.00–288.00 | 149.00 71.60–273.00 | 150.00 51.60–246.00 | 150.50 83.40–232.00 | 0.340 | 0.544 | 0.722 | 0.018 | 0.251 | 0.183 | 0.529 | 0.267 |
IL-1-beta pg/ml | 2.18 1.02–4.97 | 1.83 0.29–4.53 | 1.84 0.56–4.10 | 2.57 1.11–17.10 | 2.38 0.71–5.22 | 2.17 1.02–3.30 | 0.052 | 0.018 | 0.726 | 0.239 | 0.012 | 0.019 | 0.179 | 0.033 |
IL-4 pg/ml | 16.80 8.20–33.20 | 15.10 5.57–27.00 | 15.10 6.73–31.50 | 15.90 5.16–41.20 | 13.20 4.43–27.10 | 13.10 5.02–27.00 | 0.097 | 0.409 | 0.083 | 0.095 | 0.024 | 0.070 | 0.671 | 0.030 |
IL-6 pg/ml | 4.36 1.67–20.30 | 4.26 1.27–16.30 | 3.65 1.27–99.10 | 5.29 1.67–13.90 | 5.63 2.00–13.70 | 4.71 2.17–9.57 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.053 | 0.020 | 0.033 | 0.346 | 0.002 | 0.254 |
IL-8 pg/ml | 9.72 2.85–38.10 | 12.90 3.17–60.70 | 11.60 3.60–60.30 | 10.70 2.94–771.00 | 12.30 2.93–209.00 | 10.75 2.65–77.50 | 0.052 | 0.025 | 0.242 | 0.232 | 0.332 | 0.428 | 0.145 | 0.054 |
IL-10 pg/ml | 4.68 1.72–36.10 | 3.72 1.78–19.20 | 3.26 1.78–21.80 | 5.09 2.55–36.90 | 3.29 1.78–13.80 | 3.26 1.78–7.59 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.392 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.488 | <0.001 |
IL-12-p40 ng/ml | 0.29 0.12–0.71 | 0.21 0.10–0.49 | 0.24 0.07–0.69 | 0.25 0.07–0.88 | 0.22 0.07–0.62 | 0.16 0.07–0.36 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.228 | 0.016 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.015 | 0.059 |
IL-16 pg/ml | 532.00 152.00–1000.00 | 543.00 237.00–1080.00 | 551.00 239.00–1370.00 | 522.00 224.00–1580.00 | 497.00 232.00–1310.00 | 520.00 268.00–760.00 | 0.537 | 0.265 | 0.535 | 0.663 | 0.611 | 0.851 | 0.603 | 0.403 |
IL-18 pg/ml | 282.00 147.00–546.00 | 272.00 101.00–752.00 | 282.00 140.00–3360.00 | 304.00 137.00–925.00 | 312.00 133.00–771.00 | 306.00 141.00–681.00 | 0.521 | 0.390 | 0.725 | 0.362 | 0.094 | 0.812 | 0.040 | 0.020 |
Leptin ng/ml | 17.50 4.83–56.20 | 17.80 0.66–113.00 | 15.70 2.10–123.00 | 6.59 0.69–46.00 | 6.74 0.63–32.40 | 7.06 1.14–32.50 | 0.934 | 0.460 | 0.624 | 0.951 | 0.534 | 0.781 | 0.162 | 0.631 |
MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein 1) pg/ml | 396.00 177.00–941.00 | 366.00 152.00–1190.00 | 342.00 113.00–844.00 | 448.00 21.90–872.00 | 333.00 99.90–802.00 | 323.50 120.00–916.00 | 0.511 | 0.268 | 0.922 | 0.136 | 0.066 | 0.006 | 0.389 | 0.115 |
MDC (Macrophage-derived chemokine) pg/ml | 425.00 292.00–676.00 | 516.00 125.00–964.00 | 474.00 93.80–1800.00 | 401.00 171.00–838.00 | 407.00 146.00–3860.00 | 483.00 188.00–950.00 | 0.113 | 0.289 | 0.286 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.381 | 0.036 |
MIP-1-beta (Macrophage inflammatory protein-1-beta) pg/ml | 251.00 70.50–1160.00 | 217.00 18.40–588.00 | 215.00 62.20–955.00 | 237.00 29.70–737.00 | 207.00 75.90–1530.00 | 208.00 69.40–2520.00 | 0.034 | 0.011 | 0.097 | 0.264 | 0.762 | 0.536 | 0.491 | 0.189 |
MMP-3 (Matrix-metallo-proteinase-3) ng/ml | 14.80 4.42–37.10 | 13.50 6.31–120.00 | 12.30 6.08–92.90 | 23.00 7.28–59.90 | 24.00 8.01–48.40 | 23.55 9.61–53.80 | 0.013 | 0.052 | 0.029 | 0.057 | 0.594 | 0.891 | 0.703 | 0.283 |
MMP-9 (Matrix-metallo-proteinase-9) ng/ml | 16.80 6.80–28.00 | 20.90 9.28–46.20 | 19.60 12.60–61.60 | 21.20 12.10–42.30 | 27.00 15.60–121.00 | 25.40 16.10–37.80 | <0.000 | <0.001 | 0.100 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.222 | 0.058 | <0.001 |
SCF (Stem cell factor) pg/ml | 319.00 169.00–535.00 | 269.00 78.30–635.00 | 277.00 117.00–614.00 | 293.00 154.00–514.00 | 251.00 81.90–587.00 | 279.00 127.00–494.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.344 | <0.001 |
TF (Tissue factor) ng/ml | 0.28 0.08–0.72 | 0.25 0.12–0.67 | 0.24 0.07–0.53 | 0.43 0.08–23.80 | 0.32 0.13–0.74 | 0.30 0.15–0.43 | 0.064 | 0.231 | 0.002 | 0.833 | 0.011 | 0.057 | 0.187 | 0.102 |
TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) pg/ml | 58.70 11.70–110.00 | 60.00 21.20–129.00 | 60.00 27.60–110.00 | 76.50 39.20–187.00 | 73.30 30.30–143.00 | 69.30 49.80–105.00 | 0.666 | 0.294 | 0.925 | 0.427 | 0.200 | 0.299 | 0.161 | 0.296 |
TPO (Thrombopoietin) pg/ml | 2.67 1.75–3.55 | 2.07 0.19–3.76 | 2.37 0.56–4.48 | 2.54 1.62–3.68 | 1.98 0.31–4.08 | 2.25 0.59–3.64 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.042 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.069 | <0.001 |