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Table 4 Overview of levels of inflammatory-related and neurotrophic markers as well as inter-group comparisons for the cohorts NMCLRRK2 (total and prodromal subgroup) and CON stratified by gender

From: Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD

 

Female

N = 152

Male

N = 96

Female

Male

Serum Marker

NMCLRRK2

N = 63

NMCLRRK2

Prodromal

N = 18

CON

N = 89

NMCLRRK2

N = 52

NMCLRRK2

Prodromal

N = 15

CON

N = 44

p value

NMCLRRK2

CON

p value

NMCLRRK2

Prodromal

CON

p value

NMCLRRK2

CON

p value

NMCLRRK2

Prodromal

CON

Alpha fetoprotein

ng/ml

0.59

0.06–3.53

0.58

0.19–2.28

0.76

0.07–6.94

0.89

0.14–2.47

0.93

0.31–2.47

0.95

0.33–3.52

0.004

0.051

0.068

0.281

BDNF

(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

ng/ml

17.50

3.30–41.70

26.20

3.85–41.70

19.70

2.92–41.70

13.00

1.40–40.50

6.98

1.74–36.60

17.05

2.88–45.10

0.376

0.258

0.026

0.128

ENA-78

(Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78)

ng/ml

2.14

0.38–5.77

2.26

0.38–5.76

2.03

0.48–7.70

1.63

0.46–5.98

1.71

0.46–3.75

1.54

0.19–4.77

0.610

0.811

0.016

0.203

FABP

(Fatty-acid-binding protein)

ng/ml

2.87

0.88–14.40

3.03

1.62–7.99

2.87

0.97–12.00

3.71

2.05–17.80

3.80

2.44–17.80

4.04

1.44–11.50

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.096

GH

(Growth hormone)

ng/ml

2.18

0.08–35.60

3.16

0.08–30.30

1.61

0.11–29.60

0.35

0.06–6.28

0.36

0.06–1.37

0.34

0.07–24.50

0.109

0.266

0.175

0.270

ICAM-1

(Intercellular adhesion molecule 1)

ng/ml

156.00

103.00–317.00

157.50

121.00–224.00

160.00

80.00–288.00

154.50

99.10–329.00

155.00

99.10–329.00

150.50

83.40–232.00

0.839

0.930

0.085

0.632

IL-1-beta

pg/ml

1.76

0.71–4.41

2.07

0.94–4.41

1.84

0.56–4.10

2.22

0.78–4.68

2.46

0.78–3.67

2.17

1.02–3.30

0.427

0.072

0.471

0.158

IL-4

pg/ml

15.90

4.89–30.00

15.80

9.01–26.80

15.10

6.73–31.50

13.10

5.02–23.60

14.82

8.19–20.90

14.00

5.02–27.00

0.562

0.458

0.333

0.692

IL-6

pg/ml

3.65

1.05–10.60

3.71

2.11–8.77

3.65

1.27–99.10

4.42

2.50–17.50

4.87

2.50–10.30

4.71

2.17–9.57

0.062

0.039

0.246

0.223

IL-8

pg/ml

10.70

4.89–30.00

10.85

3.17–84.00

11.60

3.60–60.30

10.30

2.36–39.20

10.50

6.53–39.20

10.75

2.65–77.50

<0.001

0.039

0.029

0.288

IL-10

pg/ml

3.57

1.78–32.80

3.61

1.80–9.69

3.26

1.78–7.70

3.44

1.78–9.96

3.49

1.78–9.96

3.26

1.78–7.59

0.910

0.809

0.820

0.932

IL-12-p40

ng/ml

0.24

0.07–0.77

0.24

0.07–0.77

0.24

0.07–0.69

0.19

0.08–0.38

0.22

0.09–0.38

0.16

0.07–0.36

0.010

0.001

0.294

0.432

IL-16

pg/ml

497.00

177.00–752.00

532.50

342.00–735.00

551.00

239.00–1370.00

524.00

261.00–1060.00

549.00

419.00–815.00

520.00

268.00–760.00

0.007

0.197

0.100

0.281

IL-18

pg/ml

288.00

110.00–15000.00

290.00

152.00–440.00

282.00

140.00–3360.00

313.00

165.00–872.00

333.00

186.00–872.00

306.00

141.00–681.00

0.551

0.828

0.083

0.084

Leptin

ng/ml

17.10

1.90–90.60

24.25

7.16–44.70

15.70

2.10–123.00

7.03

1.48–38.40

9.90

3.60–31.90

7.06

1.14–32.50

0.674

0.035

0.314

0.475

MCP-1

(Monocyte chemotactic protein 1)

pg/ml

333.00

40.80–854.00

325.50

199.00–635.00

342.00

113.00–844.00

329.50

12.20–740.00

292.00

12.20–667.00

323.50

120.00–916.00

0.246

0.631

0.148

0.290

MDC

(Macrophage-derived chemokine)

pg/ml

452.00

216.00–981.00

539.50

216.00–981.00

474.00

93.80–1800.00

464.00

217.00–855.00

423.00

261.00–774.00

483.00

188.00–950.00

0.514

0.504

0.249

0.692

MIP-1-beta

(Macrophage inflammatory protein-1-beta)

pg/ml

183.00

61.50–720.00

240.00

61.50–436.00

215.00

62.20–955.00

167.00

77.20–736.00

220.00

77.20–736.00

208.00

69.40–2520.00

0.607

0.302

0.240

0.604

MMP-3

(Matrix-metallo-proteinase-3)

ng/ml

10.70

4.04–66.60

12.70

6.32–66.60

12.30

6.08–92.90

21.35

11.30–46.80

21.00

11.90–45.20

23.55

9.61–53.80

<0.001

0.055

0.418

0.600

MMP-9

(Matrix-metallo-proteinase-9)

ng/ml

20.40

10.80–40.90

22.45

11.90–40.90

19.60

12.60–61.60

25.70

16.10–36.10

25.30

16.10–36.10

25.40

16.10–37.80

0.009

0.007

0.762

0.931

SCF

(Stem cell factor)

pg/ml

264.00

154.00–520.00

263.00

193.00–404.00

277.00

117.00–614.00

280.00

145.00–635.00

299.00

190.00–458.00

279.00

127.00–494.00

0.013

0.037

0.076

0.166

TF

(Tissue factor)

ng/ml

0.24

0.12–0.57

0.26

0.15–0.57

0.24

0.07–0.53

0.29

0.13–1.67

0.32

0.16–0.48

0.30

0.15–0.43

0.004

0.004

0.514

0.464

TNF-alpha

(Tumor necrosis factor alpha)

pg/ml

54.30

27.60–106.00

55.75

41.60–106.00

60.00

27.60–110.00

74.60

33.00–103.00

78.30

38.40–98.60

69.30

49.80–105.00

0.752

0.652

0.149

0.262

TPO

(Thrombopoetin)

pg/ml

2.08

0.19–3.86

2.24

0.22–3.49

2.37

0.56–4.48

1.62

0.55–4.18

2.05

0.55–3.87

2.37

0.59–3.64

0.175

0.204

0.082

0.115

  1. Data are presented as median with range. p values reflect results from inter-group comparisons between NMCLRRK2 and CON using multivariate variance analysis including age, regular intake of anti-inflammatory medication, and study site as co-variates. Correction for multiple testing for the number of groups that have been compared (n = 2 for NMCLRRK2, CON = p < 0.025) was done according to Bonferroni and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.025
  2. NMC LRRK2 non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, CON healthy control individuals