Fig. 6

MAPK signaling pathways were involved in microglia activation and the following cytokine production. a The activated levels of ERK and JNK, which was assessed by increased phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of these kinases, was detected by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Each blot is representative of three experiments. b Phosphorylated levels of ERK and JNK were quantified and normalized to total levels. Each value was then expressed relative to the control, which was set to 1. c–d The levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 vs. control group. ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01 vs. CM (P815 lps) group. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5)