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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Rice bran derivatives alleviate microglia activation: possible involvement of MAPK pathway

Fig. 1

a Rice bran extract (RBE) inhibits the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. b RBE did not exert any adverse effects on viability in LPS-stimulated microglia cells. Microglia were pre-treated with RBE (10–300 μg/ml) for 24 h; afterwards, cells were activated with or without LPS (10 ng/ml) for the next 24 h. At the end of incubation, cell supernatants were collected and release of PGE2 (a) was measured by enzyme immune assay (EIA). ATP assay was performed to assess the microglia cell viability after RBE (10–300 μg/ml) treatment in the absence or presence of LPS (10 ng/ml). For a detailed measurement protocol, see the “Methods” section. Statistical analyses were carried out by using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test (multiple comparisons). Results are expressed as means ± SEM of at three independent experiments. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared with LPS (10 ng/ml)-activated cells; # p < 0.001 compared with control cells

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