| |
Treatment (n = 12)
|
Control (n = 8)
|
Two-way ANOVA (p value)
|
Mann-Whitney (p value)
|
Friedman [Treat.] (p value)
|
|---|
| |
Baseline
|
1 month
|
3 months
|
Baseline
|
1 month
|
3 months
| | | |
|---|
|
Proinflammatory composite (pg/ml)
|
20.3 ± 34.5
|
13.1 ± 23.6*
|
14.6 ± 25.2*
|
9.8 ± 11.6
|
15.4 ± 22.3
|
15.7 ± 25.3
|
–
|
<0.01
|
0.04
|
|
CRP (ng/ml)
|
4474.7 ± 3578.9
|
3822.6 ± 3749.4
|
2865.0 ± 2684.9
|
2388.1 ± 2928.1
|
3074.0 ± 3026.4
|
2458.8 ± 3678.9
|
–
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
|
IL-2 (pg/ml)
|
21.3 ± 51.2
|
15.1 ± 41.7
|
17.2 ± 42.1
|
1.7 ± 3.4
|
2.9 ± 3.6
|
2.3 ± 3.3
|
–
|
<0.01
|
0.23
|
|
IL-6 (pg/ml)
|
13.9 ± 28.2
|
9.2 ± 21.3*
|
9.5 ± 19.3
|
9.0 ± 10.5
|
13.8 ± 21.2
|
13.5 ± 21.9
|
–
|
0.13
|
0.049
|
|
IL-1B (pg/ml)
|
0.9 ± 1.1
|
0.3 ± 0.3**
|
0.3 ± 0.2**
|
0.3 ± 0.3
|
0.4 ± 0.5
|
0.3 ± 0.2
|
–
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
|
TNF-α (pg/ml)
|
12.5 ± 3.6
|
11.8 ± 5.5
|
11.2 ± 4.1
|
9.8 ± 3.9
|
11.3 ± 6.7
|
12.9 ± 10.3
|
0.10
|
–
|
–
|
|
IFN-y (pg/ml)
|
52.9 ± 94.0
|
31.9 ± 57.5*
|
35.0 ± 68.4*
|
28.1 ± 46.8
|
48.8 ± 84.6
|
49.6 ± 95.3
|
–
|
<0.01
|
0.01
|
|
Anti-inflammatory Composite (pg/ml)
|
15.7 ± 13.7
|
17.2 ± 15.4
|
17.3 ± 19.1
|
28.8 ± 28.3
|
40.1 ± 44.9
|
36.3 ± 39.5
|
–
|
0.32
|
1.0
|
|
IL-4 (pg/ml)
|
7.5 ± 20.8
|
12.4 ± 23.9
|
16.2 ± 38.4
|
19.8 ± 37.2
|
37.4 ± 83.8
|
23.8 ± 46.3
|
–
|
0.54
|
0.63
|
|
IL-10 (pg/ml)
|
6.5 ± 12.9
|
11.2 ± 29.7
|
9.3 ± 22.0
|
5.9 ± 14.4
|
5.7 ± 13.7
|
6.3 ± 14.6
|
–
|
0.96
|
0.50
|
|
IL-1RA (pg/ml)
|
33.1 ± 26.2
|
27.8 ± 18.6
|
26.3 ± 16.0
|
60.6 ± 66.6
|
77.2 ± 77.2
|
78.8 ± 105.8
|
–
|
0.88
|
0.72
|
|
PGE2 (pg/ml)
|
496.5 ± 452.7
|
636.4 ± 544.9
|
353.0 ± 357.5
|
605.1 ± 491.2
|
605.6 ± 504.6
|
661.7 ± 503.7
|
0.07
|
–
|
–
|
|
LTB4 (pg/ml)
|
127.8 ± 181.8
|
119.8 ± 194.9
|
77.0 ± 73.8
|
121.3 ± 172.3
|
87.6 ± 59.3
|
145.1 ± 179.8
|
–
|
0.70
|
0.78
|
- All results are shown as mean ± SD. p values correspond to group × time interactions, Mann-Whitney change scores, and Friedman scores for treatment group, respectively
- Proinflammatory composite consists of a composite score averaging IL-2, IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-α, and IFN-y
- Anti-inflammatory composite consists of a composite score averaging IL-4, IL-10, and IL1RA
- *Significantly different from baseline with p value <0.05
- **Significantly different from baseline with p value <0.01
- Note: Adapted from “Targeting inflammation to influence mood following spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial” by David J. Allison and David S. Ditor, 2015, Journal of Neuroinflammation
