Fig. 4
From: TLR2 and TLR9 modulate enteric nervous system inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide
ENS culture releases cytokines and chemokines in response to LPS. Rat embryonic ENS culture was stimulated for 24 h and culture supernatants were collected and centrifuged prior to measuring cytokine and chemokine secretion. a TNF-α (n = 4–8; LPS vs. control and Bay 11-7082 + LPS, ***P < 0.001; Bay 11-7082 + LPS vs. control, ***P < 0.001). b IL-6 (n = 4–8; LPS vs. control and Bay 11-7082 + LPS, ***P < 0.001). c MCP-1 (n = 4–8; LPS vs. control, ***P < 0.001; LPS vs. Bay 11-7082 + LPS, **P < 0.01). d Distribution studies show IL-6 and MCP-1 colocalisation with TLR4+ neurons. White arrows show TLR4- IL-6-producing cells. Scale bars: 25 μm