Fig. 1

Soluble fractalkine (sCX3CL1) release from human astrocytes. a Human astrocytes (grown in speciality media) were treated with IL-1β (1 pg/ml, 10 pg/ml and 100 pg/ml) for 6 or 18 h, and the levels of sCX3CL1 in the media were quantified by ELISA. The levels of CX3CL1 were significantly higher after 18-h treatments compared to 6 h. All values expressed as averages ± SEM; n = 4, each condition done in duplicate. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test; ***p < 0.001 compared to control. b Immunostaining of up-regulated CX3CL1 on human astrocytes (grown in speciality media) when treated with IL-1β (100 pg/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (10 ng/ml) for 18 h. c Quantification of total cellular content of CX3CL1 following cytokine stimulation. Human astrocytes (grown in standard media) were treated with a IL-1β (100 pg/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (10 ng/ml) for 18 h. Following stimulation, cells were lysed with PTxE lysis buffer and the levels of sCX3CL1 were quantified by ELISA. Data presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4, unpaired t test, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. corresponding control. In all cases, cells were serum starved 3 h before treatments