Fig. 2

β1i proteasome subunit immunoreactivity in control, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIa, FCD type IIb, and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). a, b Control cortex (a) and with matter (b) with weak β1i expression (insert in a: negative neuron, high magnification). Panel c (FCD IIa) shows strong expression within the dysplastic region with positive dysmorphic neurons (arrows; inserts: a nuclear expression; b cytoplasmic expression) and glial cells (insert in c). Panels d–e (FCD IIb) show several β1i-positive cells within the cortex (d) and white matter (e), including dysmorphic neurons (arrow in d), glial cells (arrow heads d and e), and balloon cells (arrows in e; nuclear and cytoplasmic expression; insert: co-localization with the pS6). Panels f, g (TSC tuber): β1i subunit expression is observed within the tuber in dysmorphic neurons (f arrows, nuclear expression; arrow head, cytoplasmic expression; insert a in f: co-localization with the neuronal marker NeuN; insert b in f: co-localization with the pS6; insert c: co-localization with HLA-II), glial cells (insert b in g), and in giant cells (arrows in g; insert b: co-localization with GFAP; insert c: co-localization with HLA-I). The inserts within the panels show images of the different cell types at higher magnification in separate specimens. Scale bar in g: a–c: 80 μm; d–g: 40 μm