Fig. 3

β5 proteasome subunit immunoreactivity in control, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIa, FCD type IIb, and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Panels a and b: (control) show the weak immunoreactivity in both the cortex (a insert: neuron) and white matter (b not detectable glial expression). Panel c (FCD IIa) shows positive dysmorphic neurons (arrows; insert: high magnification, nuclear expression). Panels d and e (FCD IIb) show several β5 positive cells within the cortex (d) and white matter (e), including dysmorphic neurons (arrows in d and insert, nuclear and cytoplasmic expression), glial cells (arrow heads and insert in d), and balloon cells (asterisk in e; insert: high magnification, with prominent nuclear expression). Panels f and g (TSC-tuber): β5 subunit expression is observed within the tuber in dysmorphic neurons (arrows in f; insert b in panel g: co-localization with the neuronal marker NeuN; insert c in panel g, co-localization with GFAP) and in giant cells (arrow in g and insert a; insert b: co-localization with NeuN; insert c: expression in glial cells, co-localization with GFAP). The inserts within panels show images of the different cell types at higher magnification in separate specimens. Scale bar in g: a–c, g: 80 μm; d–f: 40 μm