Fig. 4

β5i proteasome subunit immunoreactivity in control, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIa, FCD type IIb, and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Panels a and b: control cortex (a) and with white matter (b) with weak β5i expression. Panel c (FCD IIa) shows expression within the dysplastic region with positive dysmorphic neurons (arrows and insert, nuclear expression) and glial cells (arrow heads). Panels d and e (FCD IIb) show several β5i-positive cells within the cortex (d) and white matter (e), including dysmorphic neurons (arrow in d), glial cells (arrow heads d and e; insert in d), and balloon cells (arrows in e; insert: co-localization with pS6). Panels f, and g (TSC-tuber): strong β5i subunit expression is observed within the tuber in dysmorphic neurons (f arrows and inserts a and b; b co-localization with the neuronal marker NeuN; c co-localization with the pS6; d co-localization with HLA-II), glial cells (arrows in g; insert in g, co-localization with GFAP), and in giant cells (arrows in h; insert: co-localization with HLA-I). The inserts within the panels show images of the different cell types at higher magnification in separate specimens. Scale bar in h: a–c 80 μm; d–h 40 μm