Fig. 5

Ex vivo testing of identified lipids. mRNA expression of a IL-1β, b MCP-1, c IL-6, and d iNOS in primary co-culture of astrocytes and microglia incubated with sphingomyelins (SM), phosphatidylinositols (PI), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), or palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) prior to LPS activation. Results are expressed relative to the CTL group set at 100 %. The dotted line represents the levels obtained for the vehicle-treated LPS-activated group. Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. n = 2 in triplicate. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001 vs vehicle-treated LPS-activated group