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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: Social defeat induces depressive-like states and microglial activation without involvement of peripheral macrophages

Fig. 1

Cx3cr1 wt/gfp mice exposed to chronic defeat show substantial declines in the expression of social and sexual behaviors compared to acute-stress and non-stressed homecage (HC) Cx3cr1 wt/gfp mice. a Binary images of urine scent marks deposited by a male mouse housed either in HC or exposed to acute or chronic SD stress. Overlaid on the chronic SD image is a diagram showing the analyzed quadrant with female urine. Marking preferences are calculated by dividing the area of male urine marks within this quadrant by the total area of marks deposited in the arena. b Chronically stressed males show a sharp reduction in marking preference compared to homecage controls. c Heat maps of the social interaction test illustrating effects of chronic SD on social behavior. d Chronic SD mice spent significantly less time with the aggressor mouse in the social interaction test compared to non-stressed control mice. The social interaction (SI) quotient is determined by the proportion of time the experimental mouse explored an enclosure containing an aggressor mouse versus an empty enclosure. Ms mouse, Obj object. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test **p < 0.01

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