Table 3 Standardized estimates and p values of the group effects and the contrasts for CSF. This table provides the standardized estimates and p values for the group effects (POCD/delirium (DLR) or no POCD/DLR) and the contrasts for CSF in the linear mixed effects model. The statistical significance of change at each postoperative time point was tested as a contrast only for the CSF cytokines that have a (marginally) significant overall time trend in the changes at postoperative time points from the preoperative measure. For these markers, neither of the group effect nor the time*group interaction was significant, and therefore, they were excluded from the models. The contrasts “change from the preoperative measure to 3 h,” “change from the preoperative measure to 6 h,” and “change from the preoperative measure to 18 h” signify whether there was a significant change in the concentration of a specific cytokine at 3, 6, and 18 h after surgery compared to the preoperative measurement. All values are in pg ml⁻¹

From: Perioperative cerebrospinal fluid and plasma inflammatory markers after orthopedic surgery