Fig. 6

Effects of bullatine A and guan-fu base A on gene expressions of prodynorphin (a, b, c) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (d), interleukin (IL)-1β (e), and IL-6 (f) in primary cultures of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The primary microglial cells, astrocytes, and neurons were derived from the cortex of neonatal rats. Minocycline (60 μM) was treated 1 h before LPS (10 ng/mL) and bullatine A (10 μM) treatment. The cultured cells were collected 6 h later, and the expression of prodynorphin and pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by real-time quantitative PCR relative to the gene of gapdh. The data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3–5 in each treatment, with three independent repeats). Symbols a and b denote statistical difference compared with the control group and bullatine A group in the presence and absence of LPS (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test)