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Fig. 8 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 8

From: Bullatine A stimulates spinal microglial dynorphin A expression to produce anti-hypersensitivity in a variety of rat pain models

Fig. 8

Specific stimulatory effects of intrathecal injection of bullatine A on dynorphin A expression in microglia in the spinal cord using double immunofluorescence staining technique. Peripheral neuropathy was induced by unilateral L5–L6 spinal nerve ligation for 2 weeks, and frozen sections were obtained from the spinal lumbar enlargements 1 h after intrathecal saline (10 μL) or bullatine A (10 μg) injection. The double fluorescence immunostaining was labeled dynorphin A with the microglial marker Iba-1 (a–d), astrocytic marker GFAP (f–i), and neuronal marker neuronal nuclei NeuN (k–n). Photomicrographs were taken from the ipsilateral spinal cords. Arrows indicate double-labeling of dynorphin A with cellular biomarkers. The immunolabeled surface areas for double dynorphin A/Iba-1 (e), dynorphin A/GFAP (j), and dynorphin A/NeuN (o) were quantified in the spinal dorsal horn (laminae I–V) using ImageJ computer program. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6 in each group). Symbol a denotes statistical difference compared to the saline control group (P < 0.05 by unpaired and two-tailed Student t test). Scale bars: a, b, f, g, k, and l, 250 μm; c, d, h, i, m, and n, 50 μm

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