Fig. 4

LPA induces a pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells (o/n) were treated with 1 μM LPA for the indicated time points. LPS (20 ng/ml) and IL-10 (40 ng/ml) were used as positive controls to induce M1- and M2-like phenotypes, respectively. Cells were stained with PE anti-CD40, APC anti-CD86 or PE anti-CD206 and analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Results (six separate experiments in triplicate) are expressed as mean + SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). b Serum-starved PMM (o/n) were cultivated in the presence of LPA (1 μM) for the indicted times. LPS was used as a positive control. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore Flow Cytometer. Results from three individual preparations (measurements performed in duplicate) are shown as mean values + SD (*p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 compared to untreated cells; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction)