Fig. 7

Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ^# p < 0.05, inhibitor compared to LPA-treated cells; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). b PMM were incubated in the presence of vehicle (DMSO; 'untreated'), LPA (1 μM), vehicle (DMSO) plus LPA (1 µM), or TCLPA5 (5 μM in DMSO; added 2 h prior to LPA addition) plus LPA (1 µM) for 24 h. Cells were stained for iNOS, COX-2, Arg-1, or RELMα and visualized using confocal microscopy. Fluorescence intensity was quantitated with ImageJ. At least 50 cells out of 3 different areas per chamber were measured. Results (three independent experiments) are presented as mean + SD (*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ^# p < 0.05 inhibitor compared to LPA-treated cells; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction)