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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: Andrographolide induces Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 in astrocytes by activating p38 MAPK and ERK

Fig. 3

Andrographolide upregulates heme oxygenase-1 in astrocytes. Primary astrocytes were treated with andrographolide (50 μM) for the indicated time intervals and measured for HO-1 a mRNA and b immunoreactivity (with representative immunoblots), together with respective bar graphs of mean ± S.E.M. fold changes in transcript level or optical density (OD), with vehicle-only (“0 h”) group set as 1, from three to four independent experiments. Raw transcript values were normalized to mean expression of housekeeping genes (see the “Methods” section) prior to conversion to fold-change values while HO-1 immunoreactivity was normalized to β-actin. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001; significantly different from vehicle-only group (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc tests). c Primary astrocytes treated with 50 μM andrographolide for the indicated time intervals were processed for HO-1 immunofluorescence staining using Alexa Flour® 488-conjugated secondary antibody (green), while DAPI counter stain (blue) was used to visualize cell nuclei. Scale bars = 50 μm

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