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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Immunomodulatory effects of nicotine on interleukin 1β activated human astrocytes and the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in the underlying mechanism

Fig. 2

Kinetics and inhibition of IL-6 release by human astrocytes in response to IL-1β and nicotine treatment. a IL-6 concentration in the cell culture supernatants collected at 2, 4, 6, 16, 20, and 24 h was assessed using sandwich ELISA. Values are represented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates. Statistical analyses was done using Student’s t test.(*p < 0.05). b Cell culture supernatants of activated human astrocytes treated with nicotine at different concentrations for 6, 20, and 48 h were analyzed for IL-6 levels using sandwich ELISA. Samples were run as duplicates, and values are represented as mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments (n = 3 for 6 h, n = 6 for 20 h, and n = 4 for 48 h). Data is presented in terms of fold change compared to the IL-6 level following IL-1β treatment. Following 20-h nicotine treatment, IL-6 protein levels were downregulated dose dependently in the cell supernatants. Statistical analyses was performed using one-way ANOVA (****p < 0.0001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05)

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