Fig. 6

a, b ICAM-1 and (c, d) VCAM-1 levels in the human brain. a ICAM-1 levels were higher in the hippocampus than in the entorhinal or temporal cortex (brain region repeated measures MANOVA p < 0.0007, p <0.03 Tukey’s HSD). b In nonepileptic cases, the entorhinal cortex ICAM-1 levels were higher than in the epileptic cases (epilepsy × brain region MANOVA p < 0.0007, p < 0.001 Tukey’s HSD). c VCAM-1 levels showed no brain region-specific differences over all cases. d VCAM-1 levels were higher in nonepileptic cases in all three regions (dashed lines, epilepsy × brain region interaction p < 0.0001). In the nonepileptic hippocampus, VCAM-1 levels were elevated compared with other brain regions (solid lines, p < 0.05 Tukey’s HSD). For graphics details, see Fig. 1. **p < 0.001, ^§ p < 0.05, post hoc Tukey’s HSD