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Table 3 Inflammation-related mediators by brain region

From: Brain region and epilepsy-associated differences in inflammatory mediator levels in medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Mediatora (pg/g tissue)

Hippocampus

Entorhinal cortex

Temporal cortex

MANOVA, brain region P valueb

Two-way ANOVA, epilepsy (±) × region P valuec

Mean

SEM

N

Mean

SEM

N

Mean

SEM

N

Eotaxin

627****

67

51

404

40

62

307

42

59

<0.0001

<0.0001

IP-10

3597**

453

51

6213

1292

59

7004

1413

59

0.0306

0.0038

MCP-1

8051

1199

51

4551*

465

60

8440

1803

58

0.0045

0.1923

MCP-4

839

89

51

545*

35

62

676

152

57

0.0011

0.3751

MIP-1α

1008

189

51

590

124

62

2187****

361

59

0.0001

<0.0001

MIP-1β

2362

311

51

1636

208

61

3306***

437

59

0.0037

0.0153

TARC

666

111

51

501

49

61

855

205

59

0.1047

0.3991

GM-CSFd

3062

710

51

470****

230

62

2579

400

59

<0.0001

0.0009

IFN-γd

33.1****

10.9

51

0

0

62

1.56

1.56

59

0.0143

0.0008

IL-1α

992**

162

51

3616**

372

62

2576**

271

58

<0.0001

<0.0001

IL-1β

13.8**

2.2

51

27.8**

3.9

62

39.7**

5.0

57

<0.0001

0.0002

IL-2d

38.3****

7.9

49

4.16

1.83

62

7.97

2.27

59

<0.0001

<0.0001

IL-4

11.7****

1.2

49

7.17

0.40

62

6.45

0.44

59

0.0010

<0.0001

IL-6

33.4

8.2

51

34.8

8.5

60

60.8

15.2

57

0.1409

0.0161

IL-8

570

121

51

933

251

61

1473*

331

57

0.0029

0.0259

IL-10d

4.21

0.75

51

1.49**

0.47

61

3.37

0.85

59

0.0225

0.1399

IL-12/23 p40

72.9

14.8

51

97.9

12.8

61

88.2

13.3

58

0.1490

0.1273

IL-12 p70

5.17

0.68

50

2.65***

0.43

62

3.59

0.29

58

0.0494

0.0019

IL-17A

949****

112

49

378

44

62

252

28

59

<0.0001

<0.0001

TNF-α

5.89

0.75

51

3.16

0.67

60

5.26

0.85

57

0.1176

0.0518

TNF-β

3.85

0.89

49

8.52****

0.58

62

4.90

0.56

59

0.0143

<0.0001

VEGF

7716***

1865

49

3553

1199

62

1889

720

59

0.0231

0.0465

CRP

26,540

2222

49

22,069

1435

62

15,624****

1115

59

<0.0001

<0.0001

ICAM-1

12,088**

1110

50

9243

786

62

8291

897

58

0.0035

<0.0001

VCAM-1

21,887

4754

51

21,351

3659

62

14,427

2632

59

0.0103

<0.0001

  1. Abbreviations: Eotaxin (also known as (aka) CCL-11), IP-10 interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (aka CXCL-10), MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (aka CCL-2), MCP-4 monocyte chemoattractant protein 4 (aka CCL-13), MIP-1α macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (aka CCL-3), MIP-1β macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta (aka CCL-4), TARC thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (aka CCL-17), GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (aka CSF2), IFN-γ interferon gamma, IL interleukin, IL-8 (aka CXCL-8), TNF tumor necrosis factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, CRP C-reactive protein, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (aka CD54) , VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (aka CD106)
  2. *p ≤ 0.01, Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis;
  3. **p < 0.05, Tukey's HSD;
  4. ***p < 0.01, Tukey’s HSD;
  5. ****p < 0.001, Tukey’s HSD
  6. aMediator values in pg/g tissue, N is number of observations, SEM = (standard deviation/N 1/2). The total number of specimens assayed was as follows: hippocampus = 51, entorhinal cortex = 62, temporal cortex = 59; differences from these values indicate outlier removals. Case data, distributions, and summary statistics can be found in Additional file 2: Figures S2A - S2AA, and the complete data set in Additional file 1
  7. bRepeated measures MANOVA of mediator levels by brain region, brain region effect. Italicized P values indicate significant post hoc comparisons
  8. cTwo-way ANOVA epilepsy status (±) × brain region, main effect. See Table 4 for post hoc comparisons
  9. dGM-CSF and IFN-γ exhibited 74 and 94 % assay values of zero (below the lower limit of detection), and assays for IL-2 and IL-10 had 65 and 59 % zero values, with more than half the zero values in the cortical region specimens