Fig. 6

LPS-induced M1 polarization was alleviated by the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in N9 microglial cells. LPS increased the level of IL-1β (a), IL-6 (b), TNFα (c), iNOS (d), and CCL2 (e), but this was reversed by pioglitazone. The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited the effect of pioglitazone on the PPARγ of microglia. The protein expression of IL-1β (f) and TNFα (g) was detected by ELISA. ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01 vs. Control; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01. Data are expressed as means ± SEM