TY - JOUR AU - Pan, Yinbing AU - Sun, Xiaodi AU - Jiang, Lai AU - Hu, Liang AU - Kong, Hong AU - Han, Yuan AU - Qian, Cheng AU - Song, Chao AU - Qian, Yanning AU - Liu, Wentao PY - 2016 DA - 2016/11/17 TI - Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation JO - Journal of Neuroinflammation SP - 294 VL - 13 IS - 1 AB - Tolerance seriously impedes the application of morphine in clinical medicine. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the exact mechanisms and efficient treatment. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord are thought to play pivotal roles on the genesis and maintaining of morphine tolerance. Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) has been associated with the inhibition of inflammatory nociception. Metformin, a biguanide class of antidiabetic drugs and activator of AMPK, has a potential anti-inflammatory effect. The present study evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of metformin in inhibiting microglial activation and alleviating the antinociceptive tolerance of morphine. SN - 1742-2094 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0754-9 DO - 10.1186/s12974-016-0754-9 ID - Pan2016 ER -