Fig. 4
From: Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation
Metformin did not markedly affect morphine-induced inflammation in bEND3 cells. a–c Morphine with or without metformin treatment showed no notable effects on mRNA expression of TLR4, CCL2, and IL-1β in bEND3 cells (n = 4). d, e Morphine increased the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, which were decreased by metformin treatment (100 and 200 μM) (n = 4). The levels of mRNA were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)