Fig. 1

Upregulation of C3 and identification of producer cells in HIV-infected brain. a cDNA was prepared from the brain tissue from four patients who died with HIV dementia or three HIV-negative patients and subjected to QPCR amplifying the designated transcripts, data are expressed as fold change relative to uninfected tissue. The significance of gene induction of HIV-infected vs. uninfected was tested by Student’s t test with asterisk indicating p < 0.05. b Brain sections from an HIV-negative person (a) or an HIV-positive person (b–d) were stained for C3c expression (b) and either GFAP (c) or CD68 (d). The objective magnification used is ×40. See text for details