Fig. 5

BCG vaccination elevated BDNF and IGF-1 levels in the hippocampus. a Confocal micrographs in the DG stained for BDNF. b Confocal micrographs in the DG stained for Iba-1 (red) and IGF-1 (green). c A higher magnification and single channels of the inset boxed area in b. d, e Quantification of BDNF and IGF-1 levels in the hippocampi of the four groups. Scale bars 50 μm in a and b; 20 μm in c; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 between indicated groups by two-way ANOVA, followed by LSD post hoc test. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs