Fig. 4

Increased microglial activation following T. gondii infection in 3xTg-AD mice. Activated microglia were identified by increased Iba1 positivity, thickened processes and irregular cell bodies. Microglial activation is shown in the cortex of 5–6-month-old a and 11–12-month-old b mice at day 9 PI, and the hippocampus of 5–6-month-old c and 11–12-month-old d mice at day 9 PI. e Iba1 staining in the cortex of naïve and infected mice at day 9 PI; insets show representative images from each group. Scale bars show 100 μm. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001. Secondary comparisons are indicated by ^# P < 0.05 or ^## P ≤ 0.01 above groups which differ significantly from one another. All data are shown as mean ± SEM