Fig. 4

Pre-treatment of microglial cells with an integrin antagonist does not abrogate N-cdh-stimulated TNF-α release. An RGDS peptide was tested for its potential to attenuate N-cdh-stimulated TNF-α release from primary microglial cells. Supernatants from vehicle control (PBS), RGDS pre-treated (500 μM, 30 min pretreatment), and N-cdh (75 nM) with or without RGDS pre-treatment (500 μM, 30 min pretreatment) were collected 18 h later and analyzed by ELISA. The mean and standard error are shown in Fig. 4, and difference between pre-treated and non pre-treated N-cdh groups was not significant (N.S.). Supernatant from both groups that received N-cdh had significantly higher levels of TNF-α compared to control and RGDS alone (n = 4 per group; *p < 0.05)