Fig. 2

GLP modulates LPS- and Aβ-induced microglial migration and morphological changes. GLP (1 μg/ml) down-regulated the LPS- (a) and Aβ-induced (b) MCP-1 mRNA expressions in BV2 and primary microglia, respectively. The representative images (c) and the quantitative analysis (d) illustrated the inhibitory effect of GLP on the LPS-induced BV2 migration. Two major morphological phenotypes were observed within BV2 cell populations (e). The ratio of BV2 cell with “round” or “long” morphology was affected by LPS and GLP pre-treatment (f). GLP modulated LPS-induced BV2 morphological change in area (f), perimeter (h), circularity (i) and Feret’s diameter (j). The representative fluorescent images of primary microglial morphological changes as the results of Aβ stimulation and GLP attenuation (k). GLP modulates the Aβ-induced primary microglial morphological changes (l–o). Values reported were mean ± SEM for at least three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test revealed difference from untreated cells (*) and LPS- or Aβ-stimulated condition (#) (compared with control: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, and ****p < 0.0001; compared with LPS- or Aβ-stimulated condition: ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.005, and ^#### p < 0.0001)