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Fig. 1 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 1

From: TNF-α promotes extracellular vesicle release in mouse astrocytes through glutaminase

Fig. 1

TNF-α stimulation increases EV release from mouse astrocytes. a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of mouse astrocytes. b, c EVs were isolated from serum-free cultural supernatants and observed under TEM using negative staining. Scale bar 500 nm. Representative TEM images of EVs derived from control and TNF-α-treated astrocytes. d EV numbers were quantified by manually counting from a total of nine random vision fields. e EVs were isolated from normalized volumes of supernatants from control and TNF-α-treated culture after 24 h. fj Alix, HSP70, Flotillin-1, TSG101, and Flotillin-2 as the markers of EVs were determined by Western Blot. Levels of Alix and Flotillin-2 were compared with control. km Nanometer diameter range, average size, and concentration of the EVs were obtained by NTA. Data were represented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *, **, and *** denote p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 in comparison to control, respectively. ns denotes no significance

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