Fig. 8

Effect of other second messengers on neurotoxicity. a Pre-treatment with four different inhibitors (Ro 32–0432 hydrochloride, LY 294002, FR 180204, Src Inhibitor-1) directed selectively against second messengers (protein kinase C, PI3, ERK, and src kinase, respectively) all of which activated by PAR1 failed to achieve significant reduction in cumulative toxicity after 3 days of repeated exposure to granzyme B and IL-1β. *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001 relative to control media, ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0.0001 relative to granzyme B + IL-1β condition, repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test, n = 6 per condition. Data are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean from four separate experiments. b 100 μM Minocycline produced a modest reduction (<20%) in IL-1β augmented granzyme B neurotoxicity. #p < 0.05 relative to granzyme B + IL-1β condition, repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test, n = 5 per condition. Data are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean from four separate experiments