Fig. 4

Surgery resulted in an increased expression of proinflammatory factors in the prefrontal cortex. JWH133 treatment alleviated the surgery-induced upregulation of proinflammatory factors in the prefrontal cortex, while AM630 aggravated it. Representative Western blotting bands show the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the prefrontal cortex 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery (a–c). Expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were normalized to that of GAPDH as an internal control (d–l). The data are plotted as the mean ± standard error of the mean for each group (n = 3 per group). *p < 0.05 versus the control group, ^# p < 0.05 versus the surgery group