Fig. 5

Effect of atorvastatin treatment on inflammatory cytokines expression in peri-contusional cortex after TBI. a–d Compared with the TBI + saline group, atorvastatin treatment increased the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 (a) and IL-10 (b) significantly, whereas it reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ (c) and IL-6 (d) in the contusional boundary at 24 and 72 h after TBI. e-f The chemokines RANTES (e) and IP-10 (f) were also reduced at 24 and 72 h after TBI in the atorvastatin group compared with the TBI + saline group. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001 versus sham group, ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, and ^### P < 0.001 versus TBI + saline group. n = 6/group