Immune function
|
IL-6
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; predominantly in children with regressive autism, associated with more impaired communication and aberrant behaviors; positive correlation with severity of autism and CARS scores
| |
Ashwood et al. 2011; Yang et al. 2015
Chang-JiangYang et al. 2015
|
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; correlated to negative symptoms and duration of illness
|
Kim et al. 2000
|
|
State marker
|
Miller et al. 2013
|
TNF-α
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; positive correlation with the severity of autism; positively correlated to CARS scores
| |
Yang et al. 2015
Chang-JiangYang et al. 2015
|
|
↓ in patients compared to controls; negative correlation to PANSS total score, general psychopathology, positive and cognitive subscales
|
Lv, Tan, 2015; Noto, Maes, 2015a
|
|
Trait marker
|
Miller et al. 2011
|
TNF-R1 and TNF-R2
|
NF
|
TNF-R1 significantly correlated with positive symptoms (PANSS)
|
Hope et al. 2013
|
↑soluble forms, and associated with treatment resistance
|
Noto, Maes, 2015a
|
IL-1β
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; predominantly in children with regressive autism, associated with more impaired communication and aberrant behaviors
| |
Ashwood et al. 2011
|
|
State marker
|
Miller et al. 2011
|
IL-1RA
|
NF
|
Significantly correlated with negative symptoms (PANSS)
|
Hope et al. 2013
|
IL-12
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; predominantly in children with regressive autism, associated with more impaired communication and aberrant behaviors
| |
Ashwood et al. 2011
|
|
Trait marker
|
Miller et al. 2011
|
IFN-ϒ
|
NF
|
Trait marker
|
Miller et al. 2011
|
TGF-β
|
↓TGF-β1 in autistic children compared to controls or children with other DD; significant correlation with reduced adaptive behaviors and worse behavioral symptoms
| |
Ashwood et al. 2008
|
|
State marker
|
Miller et al. 2013
|
Chemokines
|
↑ osteopontin in autistic children compared to controls; positive correlation with CARS scores and disease severity
| |
Al-Ayadhi and Mostafa, 2011
|
↑ IL-8 in patients compared to controls; predominantly in children with regressive autism, associated with more impaired communication and aberrant behaviors
| |
Ashwood et al. 2011
|
|
↑ CCL11 and MIP-1α; CCL11 positively associated with negative symptoms
↑ MCP-1 associated with treatment resistance
↓ IP-10
|
Noto, Maes, 2015a
|
IL-2
|
NF
|
↓ in patients than controls; Inversely associated with negative symptoms; in patients negative correlation between IL-2 and total score in negative subscale of PANSS
|
Noto, Maes, 2015a; Azevedo et al. 2014
|
|
↑ in patients compared to controls; significant inverse relationship with positive subscale of PANSS
|
Zhang et al. 2002
|
IL-2R
|
NF
|
Trait marker; ↑ in patients compared to controls; associated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores, negative symptom and general psychopathology subscale scores
|
Miller et al. 2013; Bresee and Rapaport, 2009
|
Lymphocyte populations
| |
↑ total lymphocytes, ↑T lymphocytes CD3+; ↑T helper CD4+; ↑CD4/CD8; ↓proportion T lymphocytes CD3+ in drug naïve FEP
|
Miller et al. 2013
|
NF
|
↑ proportion of CD4+ and CD56+ in acutely relapsed patients; CD4/CD8 ratio in a state marker; CD56 is a trait marker
|
Miller et al. 2013
|
Immunoglobulins and antibodies
|
↓ plasma IgG and IgM in autistic children compared to other DD and healthy controls; correlated with behavioral severity in autistic children
|
NF
|
Heuer et al. 2008
|
↑ anti-ganglioside M1 in autistic children compared to healthy controls; correlated with disease severity and CARS scores
| |
Mostafa and Al-Ayadhi, 2011
|
↑ anti-neuronal antibodies in autistic children compared to healthy controls; correlated with disease severity
| |
Mostafa and Al-Ayadhi, 2012
|
Oxidative stress
|
↓ pyridoxal
|
NF
|
Acute stage schizophrenia
The greater the decrease in pyridoxal levels (admission to discharge) the less improvement in symptoms
|
Katsuta et al. 2014
|
↑ pentosodine
↓ pyridoxal
|
NF
|
Clinical features of treatment resistant schizophrenia; possible biomarkers
|
A rai et al. 2010; Miyashita et al. 2014
|