Table 5 Biomarkers and anti-psychotic treatment in ASD and schizophrenia
Biomarker | Associated clinical features | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
ASD | Schizophrenia | Â | |
Immune function | |||
IL-6 | NF | ↑ in drug-naïve FEP patients compared to healthy controls; ↓ after 10-week treatment with risperidone; ↓ in patients with depressive symptoms (but not in those without); clozapine treatment appears to ↑IL-6; treatment with typical anti-psychotics ↓ IL-6 and sIL-6R; ↓after anti-psychotic treatment in relapsed patients ↑IL-6R in patients compared to controls | Noto et al. 2015; Song et al. 2014b; Tourjman et al. 2013;Maes et al., 1995; Maes et al. 1997; Borovcanin et al. 2013; Drzyzga et al. 2006 |
TNF-α | NF | ↑ in drug-naïve FEP patients compared to healthy controls; ↓ after 10-week treatment with risperidone; ↓ in patients with depressive symptoms (but not in those without) | Noto et al. 2015 |
|  | Anti-psychotic treatment reported to have no effect or ↓ levels of TNF-α; clozapine reported to ↑ TNF-α | Tourjman et al. 2013; Meyer et al. 2011; Drzyzga et al. 2006 | |
sTNF-R | NF | Clozapine treatment appears to increase sTNF-R | Tourjman et al. 2013 |
IL-1β | NF | ↑ in drug-naïve FEP patients compared to healthy controls; after risperidone treatment levels returned to baseline at 6 months; ↓levels after anti-psychotic treatment | Song et al. 2014b; Tourjman et al. 2013; Meyer et al. 2011 |
IL-1RA | Levels did not change after 8-week treatment with risperidone despite clinical improvement | ↑ drug-naïve FEP patients; ↓ after 6-week treatment with risperidone or olanzapine anti-psychotic treatment reported to have no effect on IL-1RA; clozapine treatment↑ IL-1RA; ↑ sIL-1RA with anti-psychotic treatment | De Witte et al. 2014; Tourjman et al. 2013; Maes et al. 1997; Meyer et al. 2011; Tobiasova et al. 2011 |
IL-12 | NF | Possibly ↑ with anti-psychotic treatment | Tourjman et al. 2013 |
IFN-ϒ | Levels did not change after 8-week treatment with risperidone despite clinical improvement | ↓ after anti-psychotic treatment | Tourjman et al. 2013; Tobiasova et al. 2011 |
TGF-β | NF | ↑ in un-medicated FEP and schizophrenia relapse patients; further increased after treatment with anti-psychotics in FEP; unaffected by anti-psychotic treatment | Borovcanin et al. 2013; Tourjman et al. 2013 |
Chemokines | ↓ Eotaxin and MCP-1 after 8-week treatment with risperidone; MCP-1 levels did not change after 8-week treatment with risperidone despite clinical improvement in another study |  | Choi et al. 2013; Tobiasova et al. 2011 |
↑EGF in children with ASD; levels did not change after 8-week treatment with risperidone despite clinical improvement |  | Tobiasova et al. 2011 | |
|  | ↓CC16 in patients compared to controls; increase after treatment with clozapine | Maes et al. 1997 | |
|  | ↑S100B in drug-naïve and medicated patients compared to controls and also in drug-naïve compared to medicated patients; ↓S100B with haloperidol and clozapine | Zhang, Xiu, 2010a; Zhang et al. 2010a (VER) | |
IL-2 | NF | Unaffected by anti-psychotic treatment; ↓ by first and second generation anti-psychotics | Tourjman et al. 2013; Drzyzga et al. 2006 |
IL-2R | NF | Increased in younger patients; treatment with clozapine increases sIL-2R levels | Maes et al. 1994 |
IL-10 | ↑ drug-naïve FEP patients; ↓after treatment with risperidone or olanzapine; changes in IL-10 correlated with improvements in negative, general and total symptom scores; another study reported no effect of anti-psychotics on IL-10 |  | De Witte et al. 2014; Noto et al. 2015; Tourjman et al. 2013 |
IL-4 |  | ↓ after 10-week treatment with risperidone; another study reported no effect with anti-psychotics; ↓ after anti-psychotic treatment in FEP and relapse patents | Noto et al. 2015; Tourjman et al. 2013; Borovcanin et al. 2013 |
IL-15 |  | ↑ drug-naïve in FEP | De Witte et al. 2014 |
IL-13, IL-17, IL-1 | ↓ IL-13 in children with ASD compared to controls; levels of IL-13, IL-17, and IL-1 did not change after 8-week treatment with risperidone despite clinical improvement | IL-13 possibly ↓ by anti-psychotic treatment | Tobiasova et al. 2011; Tourjman et al. 2013 |
IL-27 |  | ↓ after anti-psychotic treatment in FEP | Borovcanin et al. 2013 |
Oxidative stress | |||
SOD and NO levels | NF | ↑in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls Risperidone and haloperidol ↓ superoxide dismutase levels (but not nitric oxide levels) ↓ SOD levels at baseline predicted greater symptom improvement during treatment and greater change in SOD was correlated with greater symptom improvement | Zhang et al. 2012b |
PON1 activity, TRAP, and LOOH levels | NF | ↓PON1 activity and ↑TRAP in FEP ↑PON1 activity and↓ LOOH levels after 11 weeks of risperidone treatment | Noto et al. 2015b |