Table 6 Predictors of response to antipsychotics
Biomarker | Response to antipsychotic | ASD | Schizophrenia |
|---|---|---|---|
Genes | |||
  HTR2A c.-1438G>A, DRD3 Ser9Gly, HTR2C c.-995G>A and ABCB1 c.1236C>T polymorphisms | Polymorphisms that predicted clinical improvement with risperidone in children with ASD | Correia et al., 2010 | NF |
 GBP6, RABL5, RNF213, NFKBID, and RNF40 | Correlated with response to risperidone | Lit et al., 2012 | NF |
 Multiple genes associated with neuronal cell growth | Associated with a positive response to risperidone | Bent & Hendren, 2010 | NF |
 A-2518G polymorphism of the MCP-1 | Treatment resistance associated with the G-allele | NF | Mundo et al., 2005 |
 SNAP-25 (Mnll polymorphism) | Associated with changes in PANSS after 14 weeks of antipsychotics | NF | Muller et al., 2005 |
 5HTT gene | Association between the 5-HTT-LPR variants and early negative symptom response to treatment in FEP | NF | Vazquez-Bourgon et al., 2010 |
Minerals | |||
 ↓ body zinc status (while taking risperidone) | Associated with greater improvement in irritability | Arnold et al., 2010 | NF |
Hormones | |||
 ↓insulin levels at T0 | Predictors of symptom improvement after antipsychotic treatment | NF | Schwarz, Guest, 2012 |
 leptin, proinsulin, TGF-α | Associated with differences between the short- and long-term relapse |  |  |
 ↑leptin, insulin, C-peptide | In patients who relapsed later but no change in those relapsing earlier |  |  |
 Blunted CAR  Diurnal cortisol levels  CAR | FEP compared to controls negatively correlated with the number of recent stressful events positively correlated with a history of sexual childhood abuse | NF | Mondelli et al., 2010 |
 Persistent ↓CAR, ↑IL-6 and IFN-ϒ | In non-responders (12 week treatment with antipsychotics) in FEP | NF | Mondelli et al., 2015 |
 More blunted CAR | Associated with worse cognitive function | NF | Aas et al., 2011 |
 Baseline postdexamethasone cortisol levels  Persistent non-suppression of cortisol levels following the dexamethasone test after 4 weeks of antipsychotics | Unrelated to outcome at 4 weeks or 1 year Associated with poor clinical outcome | NF | Tandon et al., 1991 |
Neurotransmitters and metabolites | |||
 ↓pMHPG (plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol) | FEP patients who responded to treatment (8 weeks of antipsychotics) | NF | Nagaoka et al., 1997 |
 ↑baseline pHVA and week-1 pHVA (plasma homovanillic acid) levels | In responders compared to non-responders of FEP following 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment | NF | Koreen et al., 1994 |
 Relatively normal striatal dopamine synthesis and elevated anterior cingulate cortex glutamate levels | Treatment resistance in schizophrenia | NF | Demjaha et al., 2014 |
 ↑pretreatment prolactin response to D-fenfluramine test | ↓ response to haloperidol in FEP | NF | Mohr et al., 1998 |
 3-OHKY (3-hydroxykynurenine) quinolinic acid at baseline | Predicted improvement following 4 week treatment with antipsychotics in FEP (lowest concentrations associated with the greatest improvement) | NF | Condray et al., 2011 |