Fig. 11

Kir2.1 and Kv1.3 activities contribute to microglial migration. a The activation state affects the migratory phenotype. Rat and mouse microglia were unstimulated (CTL) or stimulated with IFN-γ and TNF-α (I + T), IL-4, or IL-10 for 24 h. Representative images of neonatal rat and mouse primary microglia labeled with phalloidin to visualize F-actin (green) and DAPI to label nuclei (blue). Many unipolar microglia (except in I + T-treated cells) have a migratory phenotype with a single large lamellum that contains an F-actin-rich ring (a “podonut”; examples shown by arrows). Scale bar, 50 μm. b Microglia migration is affected by the activation state. All graphical results are expressed as fold change normalized to unstimulated cells (indicated by dashed lines). c Microglia migration with or without 20 μM ML133 to block Kir2.1 channels. d Microglia migration with or without 5 nM AgTx-2 to block Kv1.3 channels. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6–9 individual cultures) and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test (activation state) or two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test (when channel blockers were used). The comparisons are * differences between CTL and stimulated cells; † CTL versus activated cells treated with a channel blocker; # effects of a channel blocker within a given activation state. One symbol indicates p < 0.05, two symbols, p < 0.01, three symbols, p < 0.001, four symbols, p < 0.0001