Fig. 3

TNF fuels Trypanosoma cruzi infection of U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells. a Number of parasites per 200 cells and percentage of infected cells at a MOI of 1:1, 1:5 or 1:10 and analysis 4 h after infection. ^* p < 0.05 MOI of 1:1 vs. MOI of 5:1; ^# p < 0.05 MOI of 5:1 vs. MOI of 10:1. b As indicated in the graph, astrocytes were pre-treated with anti-TNF (10 μg/mL, 30 min prior to rIFNγ addition) and rIFNγ (10 ng/ mL, 2 h prior to infection), infected (MOI 1:1), and analyzed 4 h later. The numbers of parasites per 200 cells are shown. c U-87 MG astrocytes were pre-treated with rTNF (1 ng/ mL, 2 h prior infection), infected (MOI 1:1), and analyzed 4 h later. The numbers of parasites per 200 cells are shown. Data are presented as the means ± SEM of triplicates. ^** p < 0.01 treated (NT) vs. cytokine-treated. ^## p < 0.01 rIFNγ-treated vs. anti-TNF addition prior to rIFNγ treatment