Fig. 5

Trypanosoma cruzi infection-induced IL-6 production by astrocytes is exacerbated by pre-treatment with TNF. C57BL/6 primary astrocyte cultures were pre-treated with rTNF (1 ng/mL) and infected (MOI 1:1), and then the supernatants were collected after 4 and 24 h of infection and analyzed to detect cytokines by CBA. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 are shown. Data are presented as the means ± SEM of triplicates. ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001 untreated (−)/non-infected (NI) vs. other conditions. ^## p < 0.01 non-infected (NI) vs. T. cruzi-infected. ^§ p < 0.05, ^§§ p < 0.01 untreated vs. rTNF pre-treated infected astrocytes