Fig. 3

Effect of Ethanol and glutathione modulation on inflammatory response in fetal and maternal brain. Gestational exposure to ethanol and GSH variation has a direct consequence on fetal cytokine/chemokine RNA expression as determined by qRT-PCR. Levels were normalized to 18S rRNA and expressed relative to control. Cytokine and chemokine response in the fetal (a, c) and maternal (b, d) brain, respectively, were further outlined based on their distinct association with microglia M1 or M2 phenotype. Values are mean ± SEM. (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.005 vs control; # p ≤ 0.05, ## p ≤ 0.005 vs ethanol) (n = 4–6 per group)