Fig. 3
From: Effectors of Th1 and Th17 cells act on astrocytes and augment their neuroinflammatory properties
Effects of Th1- and Th17-derived factors on the expression of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes. RT-PCR analysis of RNA isolated from astrocytes treated with medium and Th1 or Th17 supernatants for nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA. Changes in mRNA expression levels were calculated after normalization to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)1. The results are represented as fold changes which were calculated by using the ΔΔCt method (i.e., normalizing the ΔCt values obtained from subjects (Th1 or Th17 treated) to those from medium controls). The results are mean ± SEM with *p ≤ 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01 of a minimum of four independent experiments (n = 4)