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Fig. 7 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 7

From: Lidocaine alleviates morphine tolerance via AMPK-SOCS3-dependent neuroinflammation suppression in the spinal cord

Fig. 7

Schematic model indicates the AMPK-SOCS3-induced inflammation suppression improves morphine tolerance by lidocaine. Morphine induces activation of microglia and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α via the TLR4/p38/NF-κB pathway. CaMKKβ-AMPK-dependent upregulation of SOCS3 in the spinal cord by lidocaine plays a crucial role in the suppression of microglia and improvement of morphine tolerance

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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094