Fig. 1

a–c Effects of paquinimod and anti-HMGB1 antibodies as adjuvants in the treatment of pneumococcal meningitis (PM). All infected mice were treated 21 h after infection with ceftriaxone (CFX) except for mice injected with PBS (which served as negative control). DMSO (vehicle for paquinimod) and isotype antibodies were used as placebo controls. Lumbar puncture and collection of clinical parameters (a), bacterial titers (b), and pathophysiological parameters (c) were performed 24 h after the start of treatment. The line within each group of points represents the mean of the group. Statistics were conducted using one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. For the blood and cerebellar titer, the dotted line represents the lower detection limit at log(cfu) = 1. *p < 0.05, compared to PBS; #p < 0.05 compared to positive controls (CFX alone, CFX + isotype and CFX + DMSO); §p < 0.05 compared to CFX + paquinimod + anti-HMGB1; +p < 0.05 compared to CFX + anti-HMGB1