Fig. 4

Glibenclamide suppresses morphine-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. a Glibenclamide (0.08, 0.4, and 2 μg/10 μL) inhibited the morphine-induced upregulation of NLRP3 in the spinal cord (n = 4). b Glibenclamide (0.4 and 2 μg/10 μL) suppressed the morphine-induced activation of caspase-1 in the spinal cord (n = 4). c Immunoblot results showed that glibenclamide (0.4 and 2 μg/10 μL) decreased the level of mature IL-1β evoked by morphine in the spinal cord (n = 4). Glibenclamide (0.08, 0.4, and 2 μg/10 μL) was administered once daily for 7 days. One hour after the final administration, spinal samples were collected. d Glibenclamide (200 μM) inhibited the morphine (200 μM) or LPS (1 μg/mL) induced increase of caspase-1 and IL-1β in BV-2 cells. Morphine or LPS-primed BV-2 cells were incubated for 12 h with glibenclamide for 15 min before ATP (5 mM) was added for another 30 min. Supernatants of BV-2 cells were collected and analyzed by western blot (n = 3). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. vehicle, ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001 vs. the morphine-treated group