Fig. 5

Mild ER stress attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammation and shifted microglia polarization from M1/2b to M2a. a–c Expression levels of M1 phenotype markers (CD86, CD32, and iNOS). d, e Expression levels of markers for the M2a phenotype (YM1/2 and CD206). f Expression levels of SOCS3, a marker for the M2b phenotype. The expression levels of iNOS, CD206, p-IRE1α, and XBP1s were detected in the hippocampus of rats by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Each blot is representative of three experiments. g–l Expression of p-IRE1α was quantified and normalized to t-IRE1α levels, and the expression levels of iNOS, CD206, XBP1s, CD86, CD32, and YM1/2 were quantified and normalized to GAPDH levels. Each value was expressed relative to the values of the naïve group, which was set to 100 (n = 6). The data are representative of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. naïve group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. LPS treatment group. ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01 vs. TM treatment group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM