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Fig. 6 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 6

From: Inhibition of HMGB1 reduces rat spinal cord astrocytic swelling and AQP4 expression after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation via TLR4 and NF-κB signaling in an IL-6-dependent manner

Fig. 6

Effects of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced astrocytic swelling, NF-κB activation, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) upregulation, as well as levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) released into the surrounding medium. a NF-κB inhibition (using BAY 11-7082) significantly suppressed the increased nuclear levels of NF-κB and the upregulation of cytoplasmic p-IκBα in spinal cord astrocytes after 24 h of the reoxygenation phase after OGD. *P < 0.05 vs. OGD/R group (three replicates). b NF-κB and AQP4 immunofluorescence in spinal cord astrocytes after 24 h of the reoxygenation process after OGD showed significantly increased nuclear levels of NF-κB and membrane and cytoplasmic levels of AQP4 in the OGD/R group. Levels were markedly attenuated in the OGD/R + HMGB1 shRNA, OGD/R + BAY 11-7082, and OGD/R + EP groups (× 200, bar equal to 100 μm). *P < 0.05 vs. OGD/R group (three replicates). c NF-κB inhibition significantly reduced the increase in cellular volume of spinal cord astrocytes at 24 h during the reoxygenation process after OGD when compared with those of the OGD/R group. *P < 0.05 vs. OGD/R group (three replicates). d NF-κB inhibition significantly suppressed increased AQP4 levels in both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of spinal cord astrocytes after 24 h of the reoxygenation process after OGD. *P < 0.05 vs. OGD/R group (three replicates). e NF-κB inhibition reduced increased levels of IL-6 in the surrounding medium when compared with those of the OGD/R group after 24 h of the reoxygenation process after OGD. *P < 0.05 vs. OGD/R group (three replicates)

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